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Abstract: This paper elaborated on the transformer differential protection of the basic principle, the longitudinal differential protection for the unbalanced current analysis and transformer differential current imbalance protection to overcome.
Introduction longitudinal differential protection is the primary protection of all the main electrical equipment, its high sensitivity, good selectivity, the use of the more successful in the transformer protection. Transformer differential protection has been difficult to identify the problem of magnetizing inrush current, although there have been some of the more effective blocking scheme, but also because of the increase in the length of EHV transmission lines, static reactive power compensation capacity increases as well as transformer silicon steel process improvements , the improvement of the magnetization characteristics and other factors inherent in the transformer differential protection principle of contradiction is more prominent.
A transformer differential protection of the basic principles of
Longitudinal differential protection on the generator is relatively simple, but as the main transformer internal fault protection, differential protection will have many features and difficulties. The transformer has two or more voltage levels constitute a longitudinal differential protection with the rated parameters of the current transformer longitudinal differential protection resulting unbalance current than the generator is much larger, longitudinal differential protection is the use of of comparison was to protect the principle of amplitude and phase components of each side current, according to the fundamental theorem of KCL, when the protective equipment trouble-free constant of the current inflow and must equal the outflow current.
Become a new terminal to be protected within the device itself fails, the short circuit point, and the current is greater than 0, but in fact in the external short circuit occurs when there is an unbalance current. In fact, the external short-circuit fault occurs, the external short-circuit current, especially the transient process contains a non-periodic component of current, the current transformer excitation current increases rapidly, makes the transfer of the transformer on both sides of the transformer was saturated varying characteristics is difficult to be consistent, while a large unbalance current. Therefore, with the braking characteristics of principle, the greater the external short-circuit current, the greater the braking current relay can be reliably braking.
In addition, because the composition of longitudinal differential protection principle is based on the comparison transformer side of the current magnitude and phase, by the transformer side of the current transformer, as well as many other factors, the transformer in normal operation and external fault, the dynamic differential protection circuit has balance current differential protection in adverse working conditions. Unbalanced current in the circuit to ensure that the transformer differential protection sensitive action analysis to identify causes and take measures to eliminate.
(2) longitudinal differential protection for the unbalanced current analysis
2.1 steady-state case of unbalanced current
Transformer longitudinal differential protection during normal operation, the loop imbalance current is mainly caused by the current transformer, the transformer wiring and transformer with load regulator.
Change calculated by the current transformer ratio and the actual ratio different. Normal operation when the size of each side of the transformer current are not equal. Order to meet the normal operation or external short circuit into the relay differential circuit current is zero, should make the high current of low pressure both sides into the relay are equal, ie, the ratio of the low-side current transformer ratio should be equal to the transformer variable ratio. But, in fact, the current transformer turns ratio than are variable according to the criteria selected by the catalog, the transformer turns ratio is certain, so the above conditions can not be met, and they may be unbalanced current.
Generated by the transformer on both sides of the current phase. The transformer is frequently used in the wiring on both sides of the current phase difference of 30 °. At this point, if both sides of the current transformer still use the usual connection mode, the secondary current is due to different phase will create an imbalance in the longitudinal differential protection circuit current.
Generated by adjusting the tap of the transformer with a load. Often used in the power system, load tap change transformer tap position to adjust the operation of the system voltage in the transformer with a load at run time. Changing transformer tap position, in fact, is to change the transformer changes. Longitudinal differential protection has been changed by a transformer operating mode is better than adjustment, when the transformer with load regulator, the ratio will change, this time, the longitudinal differential protection would have to re-adjust in order to meet the requirements, but running is impossible. Therefore, the transformer tap position changes will create an imbalance in the differential relay current, voltage adjustment range, but also on the increase of primary current increase.
2.2 transient case of unbalanced current
Generated by the transformer inrush current
The transformer magnetizing current is flowing through the transformer connected to the power supply on one side, the existence of the differential circuit, the excitation current is equivalent to short-circuit current when the transformer internal fault. Therefore, it is bound to adversely affect the proper work of the longitudinal differential protection. Under normal circumstances, the transformer magnetizing current is small, the differential unbalance current protection circuit is also very small. External short circuit, due to lower system voltage, excitation current will be reduced. Therefore, the excitation current in normal operation and external short circuit the influence of the longitudinal differential protection can often be negligible. However, the voltage sudden increase in the extraordinary case, for example the case of transformer no-load input and an external fault clearing to restore power, may be a large excitation current, this transient process of the transformer magnetizing current is usually said magnetizing inrush current.
Transient through the short-circuit current generated by the transformer external fault
Longitudinal differential protection is instantaneous protection tripping pulse is issued in a system short-circuit transient process. Therefore, we must consider the impact of unbalanced current external fault transient process it. Short-circuit current of the transformer external fault transient process, a system containing non-periodic component, its time rate of change is very small, it is difficult to transform to the secondary side, and the main transformer magnetizing current, so that the transformer the core saturation.
3 transformer differential overcome the current imbalance in the protection of
From the above analysis shows that, to constitute a longitudinal differential protection, if not take appropriate measures the inflow unbalanced current differential relay will be a great escape transformer external fault occurs when the maximum unbalanced current setting of longitudinal differential protection valuation will also be large, the sensitivity of the protection will be low. If we consider the influence of the magnetizing inrush current, the protection will not work. Therefore, how to overcome the current imbalance, and the elimination of its protection, improve the sensitivity of protection, they become the center of the longitudinal differential protection.
Overcome the current imbalance generated by the current transformer ratio
Unbalanced current can be different with the actual change than the two kinds of methods to overcome: First, using the auto-converter to compensate for current transformer calculation change. Usually installed in the transformer side of the current transformer auto-converter, LH output to the input of the converter, when the change than to change the auto-converter, you can make the converter\\ s output current is equal to not the installation of the secondary current of the converter LH, so that the inflow of the current differential relay is zero or close to zero. The second is the middle of the balance of the converter coil magnetic compensation. Usually in the middle of the converter core around the primary coil differential coil access differential current, and also around a balance coil and a secondary coil, the smaller side of the access to secondary current. Appropriate choice to balance the number of turns of the coil, the magnetic potential energy generated by the coil of the balance to fully offset the magnetic potential generated by the differential coil, no EMF in the secondary coil, and thus no current flows in the differential relay. Using this method, according to a formula to calculate the balance of the coil turns are generally not an integer, but in fact the balance coil can only by an integer choice, therefore there will be a residual imbalance current, this during the longitudinal differential protection given value setting calculation should be considered.
Overcome the current imbalance generated by the transformer on both sides of the current phase
Imbalance in current transformers on both sides of the current phase can be overcome by changing the LH wiring. Y-shaped terminal side of the transformer, the LH △-shaped wiring, transformer △-shaped wiring side, the LH using a Y-shaped junction on both sides of the LH secondary side output current phase is just the same phase. But when the LH using the above connection, LH differential access into △-shaped side arm, the current increases three times, in order to ensure normal operation and external fault conditions in the differential circuit current, must be on the side of LH change than the expanded three times to reduce the secondary current, making it equal with the other side of the current.
Unbalanced current through the short-circuit current generated by the transformer external fault transient overcome
The transient process of the transformer external fault, the longitudinal differential protection for non-periodic components create an imbalance current, mainly due to a systematic short-circuit current contains widely used with different characteristics in order to eliminate the impact of its transformer differential protection the differential relay.
Using the differential relay with speed saturation converter is one of the effective way to overcome transient non-periodic components affect. Depending on the speed of saturation magnetization curve of the converter can be seen, the periodic component is easily saturated by speed converters transform the secondary side, rather than the periodic component is not easily transformed to the secondary side of the saturation speed converter. Therefore, when a coil current through the transient imbalance in the secondary side induction potential is very small, this time a very small current flowing into the differential relay, differential relay will not operate.
In addition, the differential relay with magnetic braking characteristics. Differential relay is on the basis of the speed saturation converter, a set of brake coil, when using an external fault short circuit current to achieve the braking relay start current increase with the increase of the braking current reliable, it can escape the unbalanced current in the transformer when the external short circuit, and increase the sensitivity of the transformer internal fault. Therefore, the starting current of the relay with the increase of the braking current increases. Correct value, you can make the actual starting current of the relay regardless of the role of external short-circuit current of any size is greater than the corresponding unbalanced current transformer differential protection can be reliably escape the transformer external short circuit imbalance currents.
Imbalance generated by the magnetizing inrush current is still the focus of the longitudinal differential protection, unbalanced current caused by the design of the differential protection is not the same. Therefore, in practice the transformer differential protection, should be combined with different options for the specific design.